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Intel’s Roadmaps Reveal Conroe Clock Speeds & Information

Intel is convinced that by the end of this year it will have turned the tables on AMD; with Conroe, Merom, and Woodcrest, Intel fully expects to regain the performance crown while offering much lower power consumption than their present-day CPUs. While I’m expecting Intel to do well, it’s hard to say for sure whether it’ll achieve its ultimate goal. Of course, if you ask Intel, it has had the world’s fastest processors for the past five years straight. Regardless, it’s about time for a processor roadmap update, and luckily I have one right here.

As you can guess, Intel is phasing out the Pentium brand and replacing it with its new Core brand. We first saw this on the mobile side with the Core Duo and Core Solo CPUs, and we’ll see it again this fall with some derivative of the Core name on the desktop. What we’ve all known as Conroe for a while now will eventually be called the Core something E6000 or E4000. The E6000 and E4000 break down as follows:

Processor Number	Clock Speed	FSB	L2 Cache
E6700	2.66GHz	1,066MHz	4MB
E6600	2.40GHz	1,066MHz	4MB
E6400	2.13GHz	1,066MHz	2MB
E6300	1.86GHz	1,066MHz	2MB
E4200	1.60GHz	800MHz	2MB

With the latest roadmaps, we finally have an indication of clock speeds for Intel’s new architecture. Remember that Conroe has a deeper pipe than Yonah, thus allowing it to reach higher clock speeds, but the decrease in efficiency is most likely more than made up for by architecture changes (such as the four-issue core).

The increase in L2 cache on the higher-end parts will also prove to be beneficial to performance, especially considering that these parts still lack an on-die memory controller. I’ve already seen that Yonah can perform, clock for clock, very similarly to AMD’s Athlon 64 X2, so I’d expect Conroe to do no less. The larger L2 cache on Conroe also explains why Yonah’s L2 access latency went up from 10 cycles in Dothan to 14 cycles; it seems as though Yonah’s L2 cache is a 2MB version of the 4MB cache we’ll see later this year in Conroe (and in Merom on the mobile side).

The other key aspect of Conroe is its higher FSB frequency, from 667MHz in Yonah up to 800/1,066MHz. More FSB bandwidth will help keep those larger caches full and help in multitasking scenarios where both cores are active.

Note that all of the Conroe E6000 and E4000 CPUs are still LGA-775, meaning they should work in current 975X-based motherboards. Of course the 975X chipset is still a high-end solution; Intel will release the G965 and P965 chipsets for the mainstream market alongside the new processors. The G965/P965 solutions will both support DDR2-800 and a 1,066MHz FSB, so they will be able to run the full gamut of Conroe E6000/E4000 CPUs.

Interestingly enough, there will be a Xeon based on Woodcrest (the server version of Conroe) clocked at 3.0GHz with a 1,333MHz FSB released sometime in the third quarter of this year, as well. Given Intel’s prior history of turning Xeons into Extreme Edition processors, we may very well see a 3.0GHz Core Extreme Edition processor on the desktop later this year.

With Core Duo still taking its sweet time to get out into the mainstream market, it’s no surprise that Merom (Yonah’s successor) won’t be out until the fourth quarter of this year. It’s quite possible that Merom gets pushed off into early 2007 to give Core Duo a reasonable lifespan. The details on Merom are as follows:

Processor Number	Clock Speed	FSB	L2 Cache
T7600	2.33GHz	667MHz	4MB
T7400	2.16GHz	667MHz	4MB
T7200	2.0GHz	667MHz	4MB
T5600	1.83GHz	667MHz	2MB

Architecturally, Merom should be very similar to Conroe, and Intel is talking about including a new set of SIMD instructions with the new chips (currently called Enhanced Processor SSE, maybe SSE4 in the future). Merom is slated to debut on Core Duo’s Napa platform but will receive its own brand-new chipset and wireless solution (the Santa Rosa platform) in early 2007.

Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002

The Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 is a with a 20-inch display and a dual-core Intel Atom processor that sells for about $600. It’s part of Asus’ popular Eee line which original featured just the company’s netbooks, but has grown to include a number of different products that make it “easy to learn, easy to work, and easy to play”. Previously most nettop models, including Asus’ EeeBox, were just netbooks brought to the desktop–this was effective for the price but underwhelming on the performance front. After all, the limitations we accept when on battery power are much different from what we will accept when sitting at home. To deal with this scenario the ET2002 not only moves to a dual-core Atom processor (the Atom 330), but it uses Nvidia’s Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002. ION brings a significant graphics boost to the

, making it ready for tasks that you would ask of a desktop, including HD video playback and mainstream gaming. It also offers GPU acceleration of certain tasks, like video encoding through Nvidia’s Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002. These things are important when you have a 20-inch 1600×900 display sitting in front of you as well as a built-in DVD drive. The ET2002 has 2GB of RAM, wireless b/g/n, and a 320GB hard drive.

The Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 is about 20-inches wide and 16-inches tall. It requires about 10-inches of depth to stand properly. This makes it a good size for most desks, and smaller than the combination of a 20-inch LCD and a tower. The system ships with an undersized, numberpad-less keyboard, and a travel-sized mouse which also save room (though you’ll probably want to upgrade both). The computer isn’t quite as good looking as some of the other all-in-ones that we’ve see on the market, but given it’s emphasis on value, it doesn’t give us much to complain about. A nice 20-inch LCD panel is framed with a rather wide bezel and at bottom of the entire cabinet is a speaker. The base is composed of two pieces–an adjustable metal stand which controls the tilt of the LCD and a clear plastic component with a soft rubber foot on the bottom. Overall the design is a bit clunky but it’s something that people won’t have a problem putting on a desk on even in their kitchen. If there are any features to complain about it would be the seven blue LEDs below the display. These are constantly shining and can be distracting, especially during media playback. The worst part is that some of the LEDs are for volume up/down, a Home button, and the LCD OSD, which don’t certainly require LED indicators.

One of the best parts of the Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 is its versatility. Many people might be expecting a simple system that works for checking your email and little else, but it can do much more than that. The 20-inch system works great for watching video and the speakers get surprisingly loud, so they are great for listening to music. The computer also has an optical drive, a card reader, and an HDMI input for watching video from another device Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 (or playing video games through your console). Another major perk–it runs with only one cable connected. It obviously needs power, but the mouse, keyboard, and internet connection are all handled wirelessly.

Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 got at least one part of the EeeTop perfectly right: the setup. After taking it out of the box, plugging it in, and turning it on the EeeTop instantly recognized its keyboard and mouse. After that I was connected to my wireless network in seconds and on the internet doing what I wanted to do before I knew it. The point of an all-in-one is convenience and ease of use, and Asus nailed both of them.

When it comes to usability, the EeeTop was also strong. The full-sized display could use more height for productivity purposes, but it worked for most (especially media). The dual-core Atom was the most significant hurdle to the Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 success (at least in my estimation), but it wasn’t ever a serious issue, even running Vista. The system certainly doesn’t have a lot of CPU power to spare, but the inclusion of ION means that 3D and video will be able to run, leaving the CPU to handle the rest. It sometimes choked when too much was thrown at it, but it’s not particularly bad. In fact the Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 was just slow when multitasking if an application or two was demanding. ION isn’t perfect, but it’s an impressive solution and it tends to be the star of the show if you know what to look for–most people will just see that their $599 all-in-one plays HD video (even while installing a program) and be happy with that, not thinking about what’s making it possible.

The system has enough storage for most people as well as enough USB ports for expansion (six) but does not have eSATA or Firewire. The keyboard isn’t particularly good, nor is the mouse, but they are included and can be swapped out if you think it’s worth it. If you are only spending an hour or two a day on the computer they will be adequate. Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 All-in-One ended up being a really attractive product. For $600 you are getting a 20-inch display, a wireless keyboard/mouse, and a computer that can play HD video. Plus clean desktop lovers will have a system that runs with only one wire connected to it. It’s also a computer that can be setup by someone of any skill level in under ten minutes. There are cheaper options out there, but with the Intel Asus EeeTop PC ET2002 you are getting that dual-core Atom processor and Nvidia’s ION, both of which are important when it comes to performance and the system’s ultimate capabilities. The extra $100 or so dollars will be well worth it when you want to do some casual gaming or fire up a 720p video.

Intel Silicon Photonics

It's been almost two years since Intel Silicon Photonics any "breakthroughs" in silicon photonics. Well, we can't let that stand, can we?

The APD is new ground, not just because it's a different part, but because its performance outdoes "any equivalent device in a III-V-based or exotic material," says Mario Paniccia, an Intel Silicon Photonics fellow and director of the company's Photonics Technology Lab. (III-V, or "three-five," refers to a class of compounds such as indium phosphide (InP) or gallium arsenide.)

That's a first. Intel Silicon Photonics have always been a tradeoff. The devices would be easier to integrate and cheaper to manufacture, since they can be built using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) techniques that are commonplace in the chip world -- but the performance suffers. Intel Silicon Photonics has been aiming for CMOS devices with 90 percent of the performance of InP ones.

The APDs aren't anywhere close to being a marketable product, by the way. "This is a research result. It's actually a very new result, Paniccia says. Like any big company, Intel has started and ended its share of projects. But Intel Silicon Photonics has stuck, a testament to how vital Intel believes this technology is to the future of computing.

There have been changes, though. All the photonics work is now being done at created early this year out of the Intel and flash memory businesses. Why? It so happens, Intel Silicon Photonics work was being done at what is now Numonyx's fab. Intel found it easiest to just keep the operation in place, Paniccia says. So, the engineers technically work at Numonyx and build their devices on the same Numonyx production lines that are churning out high-volume memory chips.

Going the distance

Intel's silicon photonics efforts are aimed mostly at short-reach connections, but the APD could easily be applied to a telecom network. The devices usually get mentioned in the context of long-haul spans, partly because they're too expensive to use elsewhere -- $200 to $300 apiece, Paniccia says.

The advantage of an APD is that a weaker light source can generate a sufficient current. That means you can take some liberties on the transmission side -- moving the source a farther distance away, for instance. Among the possible applications Paniccia cited was the fiber-to-the-home network, where APDs could conceivably be used to extend the reach of fiber links. Performance for APDs can be measured in the gain-bandwidth product -- that is, the device's gain multiplied by the speed of the connection, which comes out to a fixed number measured in Hertz. For an indium phosphide APD, that gain-bandwidth product is around 120 GHz, Intel says. Intel's silicon APD is showing 340 GHz, implying that it would have better gain than InP devices.

Intel didn't specify the speed it's aiming for with APD, but the company is shooting high with its marketing, saying a silicon APD could be an aid in 40-Gbit/s networks. That would be quite a leap, as APDs are only available in speeds up to 2.5 Gbit/s today."A 40-Gbit/s APD might be really pushing it, but as something they're talking about for the future, it might be reasonable," says Ali Abouzari, vice president of sales forIntel Silicon Photonics.

To describe which part of the APD is made of silicon, it's helpful to look at how an APD works. A normal photodiode receives a photon of light and produces an electron pair (you can think of a "hole" as the opposite of an electron), creating electrical current. An APD adds a multiplication region where that reaction gets amplified, creating many more electron/hole pairs and a stronger current. Intel used silicon for the multiplication region. But to absorb the photon and get the process started, Intel needed germanium, because silicon is transparent to the infrared wavelengths used in communications. Silicon can't "catch" the light. Plenty of challenges exist with this approach. One is that the silicon and germanium atoms form lattices that don't quite match up, and that can cause some current to leak out even when there's no light present. Intel is still working on getting that "dark current" down, Paniccia says.

Intel Core 2 Duo processors 40 percent performance

Intel Corp. announced the arrival of its Intel Core 2 Duo processors 40 percent performance that the company described as its most important product since the Pentium processor released in 1993. The Core 2 Duo marks a change in Intel's approach to chip making, as the company admitted it had hit a technical wall since its 1990s dominance, which was powered by the huge leap in speed that the Pentium processor offered.

Now the company has focused on shrinking circuitry, allowing them to affix two computing engines to a single piece of silicon, which gives computers as much as 40 percent improved performance while still emitting less heat, the company says. Intel Chief Executive Paul S. Otellini said that the company planned to ship at least one million chips out in the next two months, which would get them into the PCs of computer makers in time for the holiday season. Intel Core 2 Duo processors 40 percent performance has said that systems based on the Core 2 Extreme -- Intel's processor developed for video games are already available, and Hewlett-Packard, Gateway and Dell have all announced they will sell PCs equipped with the Intel Core 2 Duo processors 40 percent performance.

This move could be just what the company needs to regain its former dominance, which has slipped over the last three years to Advanced Micro Devices (A.M.D.). The smaller company has become known for its faster and more efficient processors, leading to its acquisition of five market share points last year, according to technology research company Mercury Research. A.M.D. released a response to Intel's announcement stating it “is now quite accustomed to Intel Core 2 Duo processors 40 percent performance reacting and attempting to follow (their) lead” in the market.

Intel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series

After the previous release of Intel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series for desktop version back to November last year, Intel Inc has just officially launched the new Xeon processors targeted for enterprise server market. The new 5500 series or previously named as Nehalem EP are claimed to be the world’s most powerful processors that has been enhanced with various cutting edge technologies.

Similar to other Intel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series that is based on 45-nm High-K process technology, the Xeon 5500 series has been further enhanced with various Intel technologies targeted for performance boost while able to conserve energy while in idle mode. Thanks to its advanced Intel Turbo Boost Technology that is able to adjust its core frequency dynamically depending on the Intel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series . Besides, its hyper-Threading Technology will able to handle multiple Intel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series virtually observed as eight-cores while powered by a quad cores Nehalem processor. That is not all, it has been equipped with Virtualization Technology that enables multiple OS (Operating system) running simultaneously on the same Intel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series . To reduce memory bottleneck, Intel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series an Intel QuickPath Technology (with integrated memory controller) that is able to deliver much higher performance as compared to competitor’s solutions.

This has definitely marked another great milestone with the most significant launch after the previous Pentium Pro series back to 1995 and the giant chipmaker does promise to come out with a 32-nm “Westmere” version as a its successor withIntel Officially Launched Xeon 5500 Series in single die targeted for much demanding applications in short future.

Intel Core 2 Duo Vs Intel Dual Core Processor

1. Architecture

Core 2 Duo : Uses an architecture ton create two cores on a single die or in other words there is two chips in one package.
Dual Core : It is the first Double Core Technology from Intel. It uses a less sophisticated mechanism but basically it uses two cores in a single die.
Conclusion : Dual Core is an older architecture and Core 2 Duo is an improvement over that architecture making it more efficient.

2. Performance

Core 2 Duo : It has better performance than Dual Core Processors in almost all Benchmarking tests.
Dual Core : It is better performer than all previous processors in Pentium Series but no better than Core 2 Duo.
Conclusion : Core 2 Duo is a clear winner here.

3. Thermal Output

Core 2 Duo : Core 2 Duo Processors are significantly cooler than all other processors.
Dual Core : Remains cool but not like Core 2 Duo.
Conclusion : Core 2 Duo wins here.

4. Overclocking

Core 2 Duo : They can be easily overclocked up to 4.0 GHz with suitable coolers. Even a overclocking at 6.0GHz was made possible with Liquid Nitrogen cooling.
Dual Core : Can be overclocked upto 20-30% of its specified clock speed without much problem.
Conclusion : Core 2 Duo has better overclockability.

5. Power Consumption

Core 2 Duo : Very good power efficient processor with max TDP of 65Watts.
Dual Core : Extremely power efficient with max TDP of 15Watts.
Conclusion : Dual Core has lower power consumption.

6. Clock Speeds

Core 2 Duo : Greater clock speeds of upto 3.33 GHz is available now. (Model No. E8600)
Dual Core : Not so high clock speeds available. Max 2.33 GHz is available for model no. T2700.
Conclusion : Core 2 Duo models are available with greater clock speeds.

7. Price

Core 2 Duo : These processors are priced from $120 to $270 for different versions of processors.
Dual Core : These processors are priced from $40 to $140 for different versions of processors.
Conclusion : Dual Core Processors are available at really low prices now.

8. Cache

Core 2 Duo : You can get a max of 6MB L2 cache for Core 2 Duo. (E.G. Model No. E8300, E8400, E8500, E8600, …)
Dual Core : Max 2MB L2 cache is available.
Conclusion : Core 2 Duo models are available with greater clock speeds.

9. Front Side Bus Speed

Core 2 Duo : It is available with front side bus speeds of upto 1333 MHz. (E.G. Model No. E8300, E8400, E8500, E8600, …)
Dual Core : Max of 667 MHz speed is available.
Conclusion : Greater FSB Speed is available with Core 2 Duo.

10. Overall

Core 2 Duo : It is a better processor with higher price tag.
Dual Core : It is not as good as Core 2 Duo but is available at a cheaper price tag.
Conclusion : If you are looking for a budget processor, go for Dual Core otherwise Core 2 Duo is a better choice.

Intel Core 2 Duo E8600 Review

What CPUs suit best for contemporary applications – dual- or quad-core ones? It is very hard to answer this question, so no wonder that the adherents of both concepts are constantly engaged into long fierce debates about what’s best. While top quad-core processors work at the same frequencies as the dual-core ones, there are not that many applications out there that could really use their entire potential. On the other hand, dual-core CPUs overclock better, boast more favorable thermal characteristics, and the most important thing – cost considerably less than their quad-core counterparts. That is why many enthusiasts do not hurry to spend their money on Core 2 Quad and Core 2 Extreme processors just yet.

Nevertheless, Intel seems to be working really hard on helping the users with decision making. They try to shift the users’ attention to those models that can offer maximum parallelism. Otherwise how would you explain the fact that they focus more and more on quad-core solutions, pushing dual-core CPUs into the lower-price market segment? For example, since Intel introduced 45nm production process, they haven’t increased the frequencies of their Core 2 Duo processor family even once. As a result, the top quad-core processor models have finally outpaced dual-core processors in terms of clock speeds, which doesn’t seem logical. Here I would also like to add that the new processors with promising Nehalem micro-architecture that are coming out in Q4 2008 should start conquering the market in the quad-core segment first. Thanks to simultaneous multithreading technology (SMT) these processors will be able to process up to 8 threads at the same time. Dual-core CPUs on new micro-architecture should appear in the market more than 6 months later. So those of you who don’t feel like paying extra money for additional cores will have to stay with Core 2 Duo solutions for another considerable while.

Of course, we can’ disregard the fact that Intel’s dual-core processor family is being changed dramatically, especially its lower-end models. Namely, new Wolfdale models with slashed characteristics – E7000 and E5000 – already appeared or will appear there in the nearest future. However, this evolution is meaningful only for users looking for inexpensive computers. It doesn’t take into account the interests of those who shop in $200-$300 price range. But even Intel cannot ignore for a long time this pretty large group of users who need high-frequency dual-core mainstream processors. That is why very soon the company is going to expand their Wolfdale processor family by adding one more high-speed 45nm CPU to the top of the lineup. It will work at 3.33GHz frequency. So our today’s article is going to talk about this new processor – Intel Core 2 Duo E8600.

I have to say that Core 2 Duo E8600 is also extremely interesting because it will be the first processor with E0 stepping. After that the new processor stepping will get into other 45nm Wolfdale processors, too. As a rule, the new cores bring new hopes for even better overclocking potential that is why we all look forward to the test results for the new Core 2 Duo E8600. So, let’s finish our introduction right there and move on to the actual CPU and benchmarks that we all have been looking forward to.

Dual Core Linux Performance

While nearly all of Intel's attention is focused on their newer LGA-1366 platform with the high-end Core i7 processors and then the forthcoming Core i5 series, there are still plenty of viable processors left for the LGA-775 motherboards. There are of course a number of different Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Quad, and Core 2 Extreme CPUs on the market, but beyond that Intel's Celeron family does still exist. Most computer enthusiasts simply write off the Celeron products as being too slow, but among the newer Celeron parts there are even some dual-core processors. For a forthcoming article we had picked up an Intel Celeron E1400 for looking at the Linux video decoding performance on a slow system (similar to our HD Video Playback With A $20 CPU & $30 GPU On Linux article), but as we have never published performance results for a dual-core Celeron on Linux, we have decided to get those numbers out there today for those that are interested.

The E1400 is one of four Celeron desktop processors that offer two processing cores and are codenamed Allendale. The other three processors are the E1200, E1500, and the E1600, with the difference between them largely just being the clock frequency. This Intel Celeron processor is built upon a 65nm process and Allendale is derived from Intel's Core micro-architecture. This CPU offers the normal set of features, including SSE3, Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology, 64-bit support, and XD bit.

The Intel Celeron E1400 is clocked at 2.0GHz, provides 512KB of L2 cache, has an 800MHz FSB, a 65 Watt TDP, and is compatible with LGA-775 motherboards. The fastest dual-core Celeron is the E1600, which is clocked at 2.4GHz, while the slowest is the E1200 and it comes clocked at 1.6GHz. All of these dual-core Celeron processors have a cost of about $50 USD.

Intel Plan 600-MHz Pentium III For September Release

Intel plans to release a 600-MHz Pentium III processor in September with a 133-MHz system bus and 256 kilobytes of integrated Level 2 cache, according to an Intel price sheet examined by Computer Retail Week. The 600-MHZ Pentium III, the first high-end Intel chip to be united with its secondary cache, will be priced at $761 in quantities of 10,000. Integrating the L2 cache onto the processor die tends to significantly increase processing power. Current Celeron processors with 128 KB of integrated L2 cache can closely match performance of a Pentium II with 512 KB of L2 cache on the Slot 1 module, for example.

The new processor also bumps up clock speeds significantly, helping Santa Clara, Calif.-based Intel distance its processors from rival Advanced Micro Devices' CPUs. At the same time, Intel will reduce pricing on its existing Pentium III processors. The 500-MHz Pentium III, initially released in March, will drop about 50 percent, from $625 this month to $299 in September.

"That's a pretty fast drop for a high-end chip," said Bill Bryant, general manager of Datel Systems, a retail chain based in San Diego. Also scheduled for release in September is a 533-MHz Pentium III with a 133-MHz system bus at $415. A 550-MHz Pentium III with a 100-MHz system bus is slated for May at $730, dropping to $696 in July and $520 in September. Pentium II processors receive similar price reductions, culminating in identical pricing schemes for the Pentium II 450-MHz and the Pentium III 450-MHz from May to September.

In addition to high-end desktop CPUs, Intel's pricing road map shows plans for the first Pentium III mobile chip with Geyserville, a code-name for a technology that reduces power consumption in high-speed processors. That 1.6-volt part will be released at 600 MHz or higher with 256 KB of on-chip L2 cache at $761. Geyserville processors are dual-mode, operating at higher clock speeds when plugged into a wall outlet and automatically switching to lower frequencies when running on a battery. The idea is to deliver desktop-equivalent speeds when drawing electrical power and dropping down to typical portable speeds when using limited resources of batteries.

Bryant said he expects Geyserville notebooks to initially appeal to businesses purchasing high-end notebooks. "Top-of-the-line notebooks run about $4,000, and by the end of the year, you are still going to be spending in that range," he said. "Those CPUs will be significant next year when the price comes down low enough that they will be in the mid-price range."

Other mobile Pentium III chips also will be released in September. Intel is scheduled to ship 1.3-volt 450-MHz and 500-MHz mobile Pentium IIIs, priced at $341 and $520, respectively.

Additional highlights in Intel's price road map include a 667-MHz Pentium III Xeon with 256 KB of integrated L2 cache set to ship in September at a $1,040 price point. The Celeron 333-MHz (with 128 KB of L2 cache on die) will drop from $81 this month to $61 in July, and a 500-MHz Celeron is slated to ship in September at $185. At the low end, Intel is expected to release shortly its new chip set, model 810, which integrates fairly high-end audio and video functionality in an effort to reduce overall system prices.

Intel to eliminate toxic lead from its microprocessor chips

Intel Corp. has announced plans to stop using lead as a soldering agent in its microprocessors. Lead is a chemical element with widespread industrial use. It is particularly useful as a semiconductor, due to its specific electrical and mechanical properties. The element, however, is a highly potent toxin known to cause blood and nervous system disorders, including mental dysfunction, especially in children.

Intel began phasing out the use of lead in its products in 2002, with the introduction of a tin-silver-copper soldering alloy. This alloy had replaced lead as a soldering agent in nearly all Intel chip sets and processors by 2004, with the exception of 0.02 grams of lead that continued to be used inside each chip.

This lead will now be eliminated in favor of the tin-silver-copper alloy, beginning with the Penryn line of processors. The company plans to have its microprocessors be lead-free by the end of the year, and to phase out lead in its 65-nanometer-process chips in 2008.

The use of toxic metals in electronics manufacture has become a serious health problem worldwide. High rates of obsolescence have contributed to a global "electronic waste" problem, in which vast quantities of electronics have been ending up as garbage, particularly in Third World countries that are paid to dispose of First World waste.

Unregulated disposal of this waste, whether by landfilling, burning or even disassembly for parts, exposes local workers, residents and ecosystems to a heavy toxic payload. Lead in particular is known for its ability to contaminate soil and groundwater.

According to Solving the E-waste Problem, a United-Nations-led alliance between three U.N. agencies, 16 businesses and several government agencies and universities, electronic waste is one of the fastest-growing types of trash in the world, with levels rapidly approaching 40 million metric tons per year.

Intel Preps Dual-Core Celeron Microprocessors – Documents.

It was just a matter of time before the leading makers of central processing units (CPUs) start to sell dual-core chips for value computers and it now seems that the time will come in the first quarter of next year, when Intel Corp. unveils dual-core Intel Celeron microprocessors aiming the most affordable personal computers (PCs).

The first Intel Celeron E1200 dual-core processor working at 1.60GHz, utilizing 800MHz processor system bus and featuring 512KB of unified secondary-level cache will emerge in the first quarter of 2008 to target cost-effective desktops. Later during the year Intel plans to add more chips into the Intel Celeron E1000 dual-core lineup, creating a comprehensive family of affordable chips with two processing engines.

Intel’s Celeron E1000 dual-core processors are set to be made using 65nm process technology and are projected to fit into 65W thermal design power envelope. The new CPUs will be drop-in compatible with all platforms that support code-named Conroe processors, e.g. Intel Core 2 Duo or Intel Pentium dual-core E2000-series.

According to documents seen by X-bit labs, Intel plans to describe the new Intel Celeron dual-core processor as delivering “entry multi-tasking experience for value-conscious customers”. Currently Intel sells Celeron processors for $34 - $59, therefore, it is possible to expect that the new E1000-series will also fit into that gap. It is interesting to note that the launch of the new Celeron dual-core chips will not mean end of life for Intel Pentium processors, which will continue to serve upper segment of low-cost desktop systems.

Given relatively low clock-speed and not a large cache, it is unlikely that Intel Celeron E1000 dual-core microprocessors will show incredible performance. Nevertheless, the forthcoming emergence of the new chips proof that multi-core technology are rushing into the value segment of the market.

The launch of low-cost dual-core Intel Celeron E1000-series processors will cause the chip giant’s rival Advanced Micro Devices to either waterfall prices of its entry-level single-core AMD Athlon LE and AMD Sempron chips, or to introduce value dual-core processors as well and reconsider pricing of single-core offerings.

Half a Willamette

The new Celeron core is based on a 128KB L2 version of the original Willamette core that the Pentium 4 debuted with in November of 2000. Unlike previous-generation Celerons, the Willamette-128 core is no different architecturally than the Pentium 4's old Willamette core. The cache organization and mapping algorithms are still the same, the only difference is that the Celeron core is only outfitted with a 128KB L2 cache instead of the 256KB cache present on the original Pentium 4.

Only having a 128KB L2 cache increases the Celeron's dependency on a high-speed memory bus. Luckily, the processor will work just fine on an 845 or 850 platform both of which offer a significantly larger amount of memory bandwidth than the i815 that the older Celerons were often paired with. With only a 128KB L2 cache, the new Celeron would appreciate the higher bandwidth i850 even more than the Pentium 4. Keep in mind that the short-lived Tualatin based Celeron processors had a 256KB L2 cache; there are situations where the new core can be outperformed by its predecessor.

Keep in mind that the first generation Pentium 4s didn't always fare so well against the Pentium III and especially the Tualatin based processors. Now with a smaller L2 cache, it will take even more for the Celeron to do well. For information on the NetBurst architecture behind the Celeron take a look at our one page explanation of its strengths and weaknesses.

The new Celeron also uses the now "old" 100MHz quad-pumped FSB, delivering a total of 3.2GB/s of FSB bandwidth. This won't be a limitation for quite a while as the Celeron won't be ramping up to clock speeds nearly as high or nearly as quickly as with the Pentium 4. The quad-pumped FSB fixes an age-old problem with the Celeron - a lack of FSB bandwidth, and when paired with DDR memory on an i845 or even RDRAM on an i850 the issue of low main memory bandwidth is nonexistent as well.

The introductory speed of the new processor is 1.7GHz running at 1.75V. Remembering that this is a 0.18-micron core helps explain the reason behind the high core voltage. Speaking of which, the new Celeron is only being introduced on the 0.18-micron process but will undoubtedly migrate down to 0.13-micron as quickly as possible. Intel still has a good amount of 0.18-micron manufacturing capacity and until those fabs get converted over for 0.13-micron production we won't see a significant push for a smaller Celeron (the 128KB L2 cache already makes it very cheap to produce).

Although the use of Intel's 0.18-micron severely limits the overclocking potential of the chip, remember that Intel got the Pentium 4 up to 2GHz on this process and that was with twice as much cache and significantly more transistors.

It's safe to assume that after the Celeron hits 2GHz Intel will transition it to a derivative of the Northwood core, most likely with a 256KB L2 cache. But until that time we have to deal with the warm-running 0.18-micron Celeron at 1.7GHz.

Intel Core I5 Computer CPU Vs Intel Core I7 920 Computer Processor Review

Specifications

The new great debate out today is between the release of the new Intel Core I5 computer CPU and the previous equivalent I7 920 computer processor. They aren't really made to be the same processor, but their performance is close enough to make it a battle of the $$$! I will describe some recent developments and how people have stacked them up against each other in day to day computers and even overclocking performance. I will keep things as simple as possible.

The new Intel Core I5 computer CPU is part of the tri-release of computer processors that have new upgrades. The Intel Core I5 computer CPU has 95 watt voltage, 2.66ghz to 3.2ghz speed with turbo boost, two channels of DDR3 1333mhz memory and 8mb of Intel's Smart Cache.

The Core I5 is just like the Core I7's that are made to be energy efficient, but are more for people that don't need the fastest machine in the world. The Turbo Boost helps you get the power you need, where you need it and when you need it. It is just a performance specification that sees that you have a demand in one area and will focus on it to provide you with the power you need.

Smart Cache is thing that many gamers love because it is an upgrade to the old cache system. It allows you to stay updated with all these multi-threaded games out today that are so demanding on your computer system.

Overclocking

When you compare two computer processors you have to take some things into consideration. You would think that the strongest would overclock the best, but that is not always true. This situation is a little weird within itself. I will explain below.

The Intel Core I5 is actually a better and stronger computer CPU than the Core I7 920, but only because of the Turbo Boost technology. This is only viewable when they are both running on stock. However, if you are overclocking the I7 920 has a much higher capability and will beat the Intel Core I5 computer processor no problem.

This partially pertains to the difference in computer CPU sockets they are using. The Intel Core I5 is using the new 1156 socket and the Intel Core I7 is using the 1366 socket. Obviously one is capable of handling a lot more data. So it is simple to see why in the overclocking world it is the winner.

Conclusion

From tabulating the dating and reviews of the computer cpu on many different stock and overclocking setups it is simple to see that these computer processors are made for exactly what Intel said. Intel Core I5 computer CPU is made for home computer users that don't play a lot of heavy duty games or computer CPU intensive programs. Intel Core I7 computer cpu is made for varying levels of gamers and video encoders and decoders that have use of that kind of power and overclocking potential.

You may be one or the other, but I have been on both sides of the game. At this moment, whatever is most cost effective is going to win the ballgame. If you are going to buy something make sure you buy it for the right purposes or you may feel like you could have gotten a better deal later on.

Intel Celeron vs Pentium

The Celeron and Pentium Processors are two of Intel's best selling CPUs. They are found in a majority of home computer systems. When comparing the two processors it should be first understood that there are different types of Pentium processors - the original Pentium all the way to the Pentium 4 (the latest Pentium processor). The Celeron processors are more or less the same, although you will find them in a wide variety of speeds.

The Intel Celeron processor was always designed to be a low-cost alternative to the Pentium processor line. It is much like a car company that offers various priced cars from the luxury sedan to the economy compact. The Celeron is simply a downgraded Pentium, that almost anyone can afford (it is essentially the compact). To begin, Celeron chips have a smaller L2 cache 9128kb compared with 512kb in the Pentium 4 Northwood, which translates into slower processing speeds. In fact, current Celerons have a clock speed limit of about 2.0GHz, where as the Pentium for is capable of speed in excess of 3.0GHz. In addition, the Pentium runs at a lower core voltage because it is more energy effecient (1.75V vs. 1.5V).

In summary, the Pentium 4 is more powerful than the most advanced Celeron processor on the market. However, Intel has planned it to be this way. Many applications will work just great with a Celeron processor, despite a little less power than the Pentium 4. It is a way to save a little cash when buying a new pc - but don't forget the saying "you get what you pay for." Celeron processors are of good Intel quality, but they will never be as good as the Pentium.

This Celeron vs. Pentium review was brought to you by SciNet Science and Technology Search Engine. SciNet is not affiliated with or specifically endorses the Celeron or Pentium processors or the manufacturer, Intel Corp. Please consult the Celeron and Pentium product information and configuration before you purchase either processor. It is also a good idea to seek other up-to-date product reviews and information as necessary.

Budget CPU for Enthusiasts Intel Celeron E3300 Processor Review

The first Intel processors manufactured with 45 nm process were introduced in the end of 2007. Since then dual- and quad-core Core 2 Duo and Core 2 Quad processors from Wolfdale and Yorkfield families managed to become very popular due to undoubtedly more attractive combination of consumer features than their predecessors. They offered considerably higher performance in top price segments that is why they quickly ousted the previous generation 65 nm solutions on Kentsfield and Conroe cores. A little later, when 45 nm processors matured even more and their production costs went down, Intel started using Wolfdale cores in inexpensive dual-core CPUs from Core 2 Duo and Pentium series. As a result, there remained only one group of processors among numerous Intel offerings for different market segments that was still using old Conroe (Allendale) processor cores manufactured with 65 nm process. It is Celeron lineup including single-core as well as dual-core solutions from E1600 and 400 series.

However, it is not that surprising at all. Intel traditionally positioned Celeron processors as some kind of “socket-plugs”, which offered minimal performance at very low price. Their speed doesn’t stand a chance, but they easily find their way in users’ systems due to their extremely low price. This Intel’s attitude to Celeron processor family leads to its extremely slow evolution and modest technical specs. In fact, dual-core Celeron processors appeared solely because Intel’s competitor, AMD, started offering CPUs with two computational cores for the low-end price segment and Intel decided not to fall back even in the lowest price range. But at the same time, the working frequencies of dual-core Celeron processors have so far reached only 2.4 GHz, while their L2 cache memory has been limited to absolutely ridiculous 512 KB.

Nevertheless, time has come for a significant refresh in the Celeron camp. The thing is that when AMD Phenom II and AMD Athlon II came out, it was no longer the Sempron solutions that have long sunk into oblivion, but much faster AMD Athlon processors that were competing against Intel Celeron. And these pretty fast alternatives made Celeron look pretty bad even from a formal standpoint. Therefore, Intel had to do some work on improving their junior CPU family by transferring it to new semiconductor dies manufactured with 45nm process. This measure was also possible because production of 45 nm dies was a totally matured process by that time: production costs were low and the production volumes on Intel fabs became so big that introduction of new manufacturing process in the new processor family no longer required to sacrifice the production of more expensive solutions.

As a result, new Celeron processors of yet unknown E3000 revision started to hit the stores. These are the new refreshed low-cost dual-core Intel processors on 45 nm cores. Besides the new manufacturing process, these CPUs acquired higher clock speeds and twice as big L2 cache. No wonder that as a result of these transformations, Intel had to assign new processor model names to these CPUs: new dual-core Celerons are much more superior to their predecessors even at a quick glance. However, it is still a good question what they look like compared to AMD Athlon and more expensive Intel Pentium solutions. So today, we are going to undertake the investigation that should help us determine how good of a buy the new Celeron could be for an inexpensive home or office computer system.

AMD and Intel Announce Settlement of All Antitrust and IP Disputes

Intel News Release

SUNNYVALE/SANTA CLARA, Calif. – Nov. 12, 2009 – Intel Corporation and Advanced Micro Devices (NYSE: AMD) today announced a comprehensive agreement to end all outstanding legal disputes between the companies, including antitrust litigation and patent cross license disputes.

In a joint statement the two companies commented, "While the relationship between the two companies has been difficult in the past, this agreement ends the legal disputes and enables the companies to focus all of our efforts on product innovation and development."

Under terms of the agreement, AMD and Intel obtain patent rights from a new 5-year cross license agreement, Intel and AMD will give up any claims of breach from the previous license agreement, and Intel will pay AMD $1.25 billion. Intel has also agreed to abide by a set of business practice provisions. As a result, AMD will drop all pending litigation including the case in U.S. District Court in Delaware and two cases pending in Japan. AMD will also withdraw all of its regulatory complaints worldwide. The agreement will be made public in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Intel Initiates Stepping Conversion for Intel P55 Core-Logic

Intel Corp. late on Wednesday said that it would shortly introduce a new stepping of its latest Intel P55 core-logic. The new B3 stepping will not require mainboard makers to change anything to the mainboards, however, the latest stepping will support future processors and will require new storage drivers.

The B2 to B3 steppings of the Intel P55 are identical in fit, form, electrical, mechanical, and thermal specifications. Thus, mainboard makers may simply start placing the new B3 version onto existing designs. Still, Intel recommends customers to perform their standard validation testing on the new stepping. Samples have been available starting from the 2^nd of October, 2009, the initial commercial shipments of Intel P55 B3 will begin on the 7^th of December, 2009. Customers should be ready to receive a combination of both B2 and B3 stepping chipset by the 5^th of February, 2010.

Intel P55 B3 chipset will undergo the following changes, according to Intel:

• New MM number and S-spec numbers for the converted products;
• Firmware and minor BIOS updates are required with the conversion;
• Processor MRC/microcode update required to enable future processors;
• Recommended storage driver upgrade from Intel MSM 8.9 to Intel RST 9.5.

Intel P55 chipset supports the new Core i7 and i5 processors based on 45nm Lynnfield core that integrate both a 16-lane PCI Express 2.0 graphics port and two-channel memory controller. Besides, Intel P55 should also support the forthcoming 32nm Clarkdale processors with integrated graphics core. A new Direct Media Interface (DMI) connects between the processor and P55 chipset. The chipset supports 8 PCI Express 2.0 x1 Ports (2.5GT/s), 1 PCI Express 2.0 x16 (which can work in x8 mode for dual graphics boards configuration). The chipset also supports 6 Serial ATA-300 ports with RAID levels 0/1/5/10, up to 14 USB 2.0 ports, Intel high-definition audio, Ethernet and so on.

Intel stressed that both B2 and B3 steppings of Intel P55 will support code-named Clarkdale chips.

“Current P55 boards as well as new P55 boards should support Clarkdale. As always end users should check with their board vendor before upgrading,” said George Alfs, an Intel spokesperson.

Five Essential Considerations for FrontPage Hosting

1.) FrontPage Version

The version of FrontPage on your computer is so crucial because the features vary greatly between editions. For this reason, you need to make sure the service provider offers the extensions that support your particular version of the FrontPage client.

2.) Additional Features

Although FrontPage support might be your main objective, you will need several more features in order to have a great website and presence. Some features you may want to keep in mind are email accounts, webmail and web stat tools. While some versions of FrontPage offer the ability to integrate a hit counter, this feature pales in comparison to what you get with a detailed third-party reporting tool. If you are building a website to sell products or services from, you certainly need to focus on solutions that come with shopping carts, SSL support and other e-commerce features.

3.) Server Resources

The allocation of resources the host provides is also essential when considering FrontPage hosting. The resources that are of the most importance to you are disk space and bandwidth. They are so critical because they ultimately determine how large your site can be and the volume of traffic it is able to support. Some hosts offers disk space and bandwidth in actual measurements. For example, one company might have a package that supplies 300 GB disk space and 3000 GB bandwidth. If you go over these allotments, you may be subject to penalties and additional charges. You also have firms that simply label their packages as “unlimited,” which usually means that you do not have to pay for any overages. While both scenarios can work out in your favor, it is imperative to access your resource needs in order to prevent problems with your FrontPage site in the future.

4.) Reliability of the Host

There are literally thousands of companies that offer support for FrontPage. That does not mean are of equal quality. Although the actual program is native to the Windows environment, it can also be run efficiently on other platforms such as Unix and various distributions of Linux. Regardless of the operating system, reliability is of the utmost importance. This is why it is so critical to find out the company’s background and reputation in the business before purchasing service from them.

5.) The Need for FrontPage

Perhaps the most important factor that needs to be considered is whether or not your really need a FrontPage hosting solution. This is something you need to think about because there are many other tools that can help you accomplish the same goals and a whole lot more. You should also know that FrontPage is no longer officially supported by Microsoft and considered outdated compared to modern solutions on the market.

How to Make Money with Web Hosting

We all know that web hosting is the basis of all web sites. It helps us attract visitors, it displays what we are desperately trying to get across, and it allows us to survive in the cut throat internet world. While these are all important qualities that come with web hosting, there are many other opportunities. Dying to make extra cash? Surprisingly, web hosting can actually help with your bills. In a few simple steps, you will be on your way to a richer lifestyle.

Fortunately, there is a new trend in the web industry. Reseller Hosting, which consists of purchasing a web hosting package and reselling it for a larger price, has been making webmasters just a few cents richer. Although this sounds like a daunting task, it actually only requires a large amount of space. Once the webmaster acquires such a large server and bandwidth, he/she is able to divide it up among other people. As long as they are willing to pay a monthly fee, you will never get screwed over.

Regardless of how much money you want to make, purchasing this re-seller hosting does not cost much. For an average of $30/month, you can purchase enough space to make a profit. While all of these websites will be on a shared server, the majority of webmasters do not mind this downside. After all, not everyone can shell out thousands a month just to acquire their own dedicated server. Once you have found a few loyal customers who will not create any illegal material, you will be generating a profit every single month out of the year. Fortunately, until you stop your hosting, you will never be out of a job.

In order to sell this type of hosting, you absolutely need to network. Regrettably, there are many webmasters trying to follow the trend. For this reason alone, you should look in unpopulated areas. Try and find a website or forum that has not yet been tackled by other masses of website owners. For instance, find websites similar to your own. If you do not have one, look on webmaster-related forums such as Digital Point or Webmaster-Talk. These areas are populated with thousands of interested clients, who will be more than happy to jump on the bandwagon, if you do have a great deal.

Still desperately trying to find other ways to market? Many website owners advertise through blogs and buy text link ads. As a result, people will be more apt to find what you are offering. If this doesn't work, you could even start marketing in a local newspaper or a newsletter that goes out to professional companies who are always looking for alternatives. Nevertheless, there are plenty of consumers out there. You just need to be creative and put in the effort, in order to get anywhere.

For years web hosting has been flooding the market. However, it has just recently become a form of revenue for webmasters who just don't own their own web hosting company. It is a wonderful alternative to an additional part time job, especially if this is what you love to do. Networking with others, controlling a server, while working on your website certainly sounds like the perfect occupation.

How to Choose the Best Web Hosting Service

One of the most crucial decisions that most online businesses have to make is choosing the best web hosting service. With a popular or well known and reliable Internet Service Provider (ISP) you won't face many problems, however with a poor web hosting service provider it can be a nightmare.

Choosing the right kind of web hosting service can be a very daunting task at times as there are some very important features that you need to make sure of. Here you can find below what exactly to look for when choosing the best web hosting service.

Amount of web space: A web hosting service provider would usually assign you a certain amount of space on their server. You need to ensure that does it have the right amount of space for your website and your business requirements. You might want to expand your online business tomorrow and would require much more space. So it's imperative for you that the web hosting company should be able to provide you with ample of space especially if your website is rich in graphics or has video clips.

FTP access: FTP access is very crucial since it provides the ability to upload new pages. Some web hosting service providers allow you to just design your web pages with their own personal web builder. This may be useful for beginners however you need to ensure if they provide you the facility to expand later when you enhance your online business capabilities.

Degree of reliability, security and speed of access: Speed, security and reliability are extremely important for the success of any online business. While choosing a reliable web hosting service you need to ensure that this is taken care of. A site that is not available, not updated on time or is down, will lose many online visitors. If an online visitor finds your site listed on a search engine, and he tries to access it but finds it down, he is sure to move on to the next link and you lose an important customer or visitor. Even slow working websites are very frustrating. So how do you know if a hosting company is reliable or not? By word of mouth or feedback from others! If that's not possible then you can yourself try accessing your site during peak hours and non-peak hours too. Your site has to be secure of intruders at the same time, especially if it's an ecommerce website.

Dependence and support: Does the web hosting service provide 24x7 supports? Do they respond rapidly to your issue? Can you depend on them? If you need 24-hour technical support that larger companies need then expect to pay substantially more. In fact, people are much more expensive than machines.

Pricing plans : Price is also one factor that you should look out for when choosing the best web hosting service. It's not necessarily true that the most expensive hosts are the best. Simply compare prices and services before you finalize one.

Data transfer (Bandwidth): You also need to see if the hosting company provides you with sufficient bandwidth for efficient data transfer. After all it's your website and you need to ensure that you are getting the best services for the money you invest.

Web Hosting Instructions

Web domains. Hosting. Content. These are the three top priorities for any webmaster, regardless of how experienced they are. Unfortunately, these three essentials often leave people in the dark, as there are dozens of companies offering the “same” packages for different prices. With an overflow of routes you could take, it can get mind boggling to figure out the appropriate steps. For this reason, instructions are essential if you are looking for a smooth path.

The first thing you should do is make a list of what your current goals are. If you are making a professional site, you'll need a secure and reliable host. For instance, if you know that your website will reach thousands of people within a few months, perhaps you should find a web hosting package that includes extra bandwidth. You need additional space, especially if visitors are constantly going to be accessing your website. On the other hand, if you are just experimenting, you should stick to the free hosting packages. Geocities or Angel Fire certainly provides a basic package, which will leave you satisfied. After all, you do not need bells and whistles if you aren't serious about the website in the long run. If you do end up changing your mind, you can always switch services and transfer your website.

Once you have made your decision, you need to find a reputable service. While searching for hosting companies on Google may seem appropriate, it often stems bad results. It is important to remember that just because it is listed on a search engine, doesn't mean it is 100% safe and legit. Therefore, if you do find a potential company, you should get a second opinion. It is usually smart to join a webmaster related forum like SitePoint to discuss such matters. This way you can hear about other people's experiences and what companies to avoid. Additional references from friends or family would also be ideal.

After picking a host, you will need to provide your credit card information. For many users, 3ix.org is a favorite, as it rarely charges you much. Surprisingly, there are discount coupon codes you can acquire through the internet, to also help you with your initial fee. Due to the fact that you have to include your private information, it is absolutely crucial to make sure you find a legit business. The last thing you want is to lose any money. Therefore, you should google their name and check out the reviews from fellow users. This will most definitely make all of the difference, especially if you find out that they are a fraud.

For website beginners, web hosting doesn't have to be difficult or even too time consuming. As long as you find reputable sources, second opinions, and a great easy to use package, you are well on your way to website success. With these instructions in mind, there should be no frustrations or year long debates on what company to use. It is quite simple, once you get in the webmaster's frame of mind.